The Hungarian Alphabet Most of the letters used in Hungarian will look familiar to an English speaker, and many of them are pronounced the same as in most European languages. However, Hungarian includes several additional vowels, and has a number of "letters" that are represented by two or three characters. There are also several consonants that are not pronounced the same as in most other languages. Consonants: Most consonants in Magyar are approximately the same as in English, but there are some notable exceptions, at least in the modern language. Most of these are forms of c, s, and z, and it will be difficult to keep these sounds straight unless you have a native speaker to constantly correct you. (See also cs, sz, and zs below). The following consonants are those which are pronounced significantly unlike their English counterparts: c - pronounced like TS, as in caTS. j - pronounced like Y, as in Yellow. s - pronounced like SH, as in SHip. w - before 1600, this letter was pronounced like V or U, depending on the context in which it occurred. Modern Magyar also includes several digraphs, combinations of two characters that together represent a single spoken sound. These digraphs are treated by Hungarians as letters in their own right, and will be indexed as separate letters in dictionaries. Newcomers to the language are often frustrated by this, so it is worth your while to become familiar with them. cs - pronounced like CH, as in CHerry. gy - pronounced a bit like DG, as in eDGe, but further back in the mouth. ly - pronounced like an L and Y at the same time, and much like Hungarian J. ny - pronounced like an N and Y at the same time; like Spanish ñ or Italian gn. sz - pronounced like S, as in Simple. ty - pronounced like a T and Y at the same time. zs - pronounced like Z, as in aZure, or S, as in meaSure. The modern digraphs were not common before the end of the 16th century, and some of them, such as zs, did not appear before the end of the 17th century. There are also some digraphs, such as ch, which disappeared when Hungarian replaced Latin as the language of choice for official documents. For this reason, it can sometimes be difficult to recognize an early Hungarian name unless you pronounce it out loud, and have some idea of the orthographic changes that have occurred in the intervening years. Vowels: Modern Hungarian uses 14 distinct vowels, each represented by a fixed character and pronounced with a precise sound. Unfortunately, web fonts do not yet support all of these characters, in particular the o and u with doubled accents. The characters õ and u" have been substituted here. The accents and dots are not optional. There are many Hungarian words that are spelled exactly the same except for their diacritical marks. Fortunately for the student of the early language, these marks were uncommon before the end of the 16th century, and most names did not make use of them. However, there were a few additional vowels that have since disappeared from Magyar, among them ÿ, sometimes written as ij, and also the single-dotted u. The dotted u does not seem to be significantly different from unmarked u, and ÿ is probably pronounced as a longer i.
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